Animal Experimentation a Necessity free essay sample

Animal Experimentation: a Necessity BY shark953 Animal Experimentation: A Necessity Since more than 1. 4 million mammals other than rats and mice were used in research, and since mice and rats probably make up 90% of the animals in labs, we can guess that about 14 million rats and mice were used in research in 2002 (1 1 Facts About Animal Testing). One might assume 14 million is a lot of animals put to torture, but has one thought about what benefits come forth from the testing done? Has one thought that the animals being used are to gain valuable biological information rather than observing the animals being tortured for amusement? While animal testing may seem unethical and inhumane, the practice should further continue due to the benefits contributed to ones life. Animal experimentation is a necessity in the studies of medical research. Many say that there should be an alternative to finding cures other than testing on innocent animals, but what are the alternatives? Computers and virtual testing cannot analyze accurate results. As stated by David Hubel, the 1981 Nobel Price winner in medicine, mfou cant train a heart surgeon on a computer, and to study a brain, you need a brain; a man-made machine is no substitute. (Hurley Ed. ). Other ethods for obtaining medical information would include testing on humans, but such method would be considered much more inhumane(Animal Testing). Human testing would only violate human rights, animal research was designed to be†and is †a crucial human rights protection (Smith). If one does not approve testing on animals, why would one approve testing on humans? Animals are easily bred, and maintained safely in controlled labs. The costs of testing humans would be extremely high (Animal Testing). Also testing drugs on humans take much longer time to conclude the results to the difference in length of life for lab animals and umans. (Animal Testing). On the other hand, to ban experimentation would be to paralyze modern medicine, to perpetuate human suffering, and to endanger human health by allowing products such as insecticides onto the market before testing them for toxicity. . (Dixon, Thomas). Since drug testing is essential among the United States citizens, discontinued testing for cures concerning deadly diseases and abnormalities such as cancer would create an epidemic. According to the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, There is not a person in the United States ho has not somehow benefitted from the results of research involving animals. (Ed. Hurley, Jennifer A. ). A rat, is a pig, is a dog, is a boy. (Smith, Wesley J. ). This particular quote is the reason animal rightists oppose the practice of animal experimentation. An animal rightist would believe that if a rat is killed, then it is equivalent to killing a boy. But if animals were not used for experimentation, there would be no medical advancements. Animal rightists believe that regardless of the admitted benefits humans receive from animal experimentation, the research much be stopped because it is immoral to take a life. Just as it is immoral to kill another living human, it should be considered immoral to kill another living animal. Some also believe that humans, and indeed, causes us significant harm. (Smith, Wesley J. ). It has been proven by USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), that most animals used for testing annually provide no extraordinary breakthroughs or even consistent results. But trials may have to be done hundreds of times to provide accurate conclusions, l have not failed. Ive Just found 10,000 ways that wont work, as stated by Thomas Edison. Some of the tests certainly seem painful, but the majority of eople on th is planet eat meat or wear leather without any guilt. Where is their sympathy for animals? (Animal Testing). Many accuse animal testing practitioners for engaging in animal cruelty and being unethical, but have they not thought about their daily non-vegetarian meals as cruelty of animal slaughtering? The nation has though taken actions to provide the best comfort for the animals being tested by making animal experimentaters aspire to the highest levels of animal welfare in their labs, using anaesthetics whenever possible and keeping animals in clean, comfortable, and healthy conditions. (Dixon, Thomas). Also, treating out fellow creatures as mercifully as possible (Animal Testing) will demonstrate our humanity. Although, the lack of ethical self-examination in common and generally involved denial or avoidance of animal suffering , resulting in the dehumanization of researchers and the ethical degration of their research subjects (Animal Experimentation), experimenters plan to provide a more safe mental and physical environment for the animals used. This way the experimenters can maintain their humanity while medical advancements can still further continue. Those in favor of nimal experiments say that the good done to human beings outweighs the harm done to animals. Considering the breakthroughs that were created by animal experimentation, it is morally acceptable to harm a few animals. (Animal Experimentation). The cures for polio and other epidemic diseases were found through animal testing, and if continued, would probably find future cures to other deadly diseases. Disease prevention can never eliminate the need for medical research, and medical research will always need animals (Ed. Hu rley, Jennifer A. ). Bibliography 11 Facts about Animal Testing. , Do Something. rg.

A critical analysis of a variety of art forms that explore the theme of murder mystery Essay Example For Students

A critical analysis of a variety of art forms that explore the theme of murder mystery Essay In this evaluation I am drawing conclusions from the coursework I have completed. This involved undertaking a critical analysis of a variety of art forms that explore the theme of murder mystery. I will be considering how well the art form examples studied have been used in expressing this theme and the methods they have used to do that. In the context of the murder mystery theme there are four pieces of work to discuss involving visual arts, dramatic arts and verbal arts. The pieces are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The film dick Tracey à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The painting Murder by Paul Cezanne à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Yorkshire Ripper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The play The real inspector hound by Tom Stoppard The Theme Murder and mystery are compelling themes that have always attracted interest and attention. Murder is a dark and gruesome action that can be described as evil but some killing such as destroying the enemy in a war is seen as sad but acceptable. It is all about death and that has a morbid fascination for people as there is something horrible about it. Its like a nightmare that is unpleasant but also exciting at the same time. We like to talk about it and wonder about it but we dont like it to happen to us. Because it is criminal it is also often associated with stories myths and mysteries. Who done it has always been a popular theme in fiction and in reality when murders cannot be solved and when people try to get away with it. Because it is awful and fascinating at the same time it is part of human life that is often covered in art forms. This is probably an attempt to try and make sense of something so cruel but also passionate Dick Tracey As a character Dick Tracey is an example of murder mystery through the detective story and crime genre. He is depicted as a good guy battling against bad guys and solving puzzles that bring murderers to justice. To do that he has to unpick a mystery and the way he does that by following clues and eliminating possibilities to get his man or woman is dramatic and satisfying. It keeps you guessing and ends up with the truth. This means the audience is taken through a story and is drawn into a dodgy world of gangsters and danger but where there is hope because in the end the good guy wins. The film uses visual art imaginatively to capture the mood and atmosphere of the time and to carry the audience into the drama and the mystery. It does this by evoking a time, a place and a culture of gangster America through the costumes, sets, cars, props the dialogue of the characters and there manner and behaviour. You know it is a story because it is a bit over the top but this isnt a mistake it is a way of getting the audience to know it is fictional and that gives it a lighter atmosphere than if it was real. The lighting and the moody style of some of the characters give a mysterious atmosphere and help the audience enter into the fantasy of the underworld. People know it is fantasy but they can for a while get into that and enjoy that. The Murder by Paul Cezanne This is visual art that depicts murder and mystery quite powerfully. Good visual art is atmospheric this means that it doesnt just show images but it captures moods and feelings. To do this a picture needs to suggest things and make you wonder about it. The murder does this through its title, the bleak and moody colours, the way action and movement is captured and the intensity of the positioning of the figures. .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .postImageUrl , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:hover , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:visited , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:active { border:0!important; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:active , .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669 .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c42899d7fb8867fe038655d09e6b669:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Louisiana Purchase EssayThey are overpowering the victim who is powerless and this is horrible to see. It is an effective dramatic way of showing mystery. The Yorkshire Ripper Unlike the other three pieces studied the incident of the Yorkshire ripper is not fiction it is real. Its about real murders and real mysteries. The story of the ripper could be told in a book or a film or a radio broadcast. I chose to do it through a mocked up newspaper article. This was an opportunity to explore visual art through picture, layout and language. By using headings and typeface it was possible to make the story visually interesting and then adding in pictures and graphics gave it excitement and emphasised the bits I wanted to emphasise. It brought the drama out of the story. This is a creative way of communicating and made me realise how much power newspaper editors have in shaping stories. The Real Inspector Hound As a play this piece shows dramatic and verbal art in action. It uses the theme of murder and mystery to tell a dramatic story and to take the audience through a mystery. It is packed with double meanings and uses language and action to entertain the audience. The plot is complicated and confusing so you dont really know what the truth is. The characters add to the mystery and you wonder what is really going on. Although it is showing murder it is quite light-hearted and this makes it a satisfying and exciting experience for the audience. The direction on the stage with the positioning of the actors and the inclusion of double plots is a method that can be used in theatre to strengthen and add to the experience of mystery. You are left wondering what is really going on and who has killed who? Drama is an art form that allows directors to interact with an audience like this and manipulate peoples experiences through the actions, behaviour and language of the characters. Conclusion I have been studying how different art forms can be used to depict themes in this case murder and mystery. The pieces above all do this by telling a story that is based on something that fits within this theme but they use different methods, techniques and styles to achieve it. By doing this work I have learnt that there are a variety of possibilities in the different art forms that are used to communicate with people and affect them. Good pieces of art do this by fascinating people and causing them to wonder about something, to think twice. The main techniques that I have identified that do this in the pieces I have analyised include: Visual art Colour, motion, action, lighting, space, layout, graphics, position Verbal art Speech, dialogue, language, emphasis, accent, volume intensity Dramatic art Behaviour, character, positioning, scenery, costume, personality, presence, interaction While these are different things they are often used together to create a stronger impact. They also have common themes and link together because they are all ways of communicating by catching peoples attention and affecting how they feel and what they think. Murder and mystery are dark things that worry and frighten people but also fascinate them. These art forms are ways of exploring some of these areas of human feelings and behaviours.

Essay on an Op Ed Using Examples

Essay on an Op Ed Using ExamplesAn essay on an op ed, using examples, is a good way to begin to get your message across. If you really want to be heard and given the chance to make a difference in the country that you live in, you will need to learn to write an essay using examples. The essay itself can be as long or as short as you want it to be, but your goal is to create an outline of your arguments and then use examples to illustrate them.When you begin writing an essay with examples, there are some things that you need to take into consideration. For example, how much information do you want to include about the topic that you are writing about? It's okay to include all the information you want, but if you start adding information that is not necessary or something that does not fit the topic at hand, you may be wasting your time.Another important thing to remember is to make sure that your examples are not too vague. If the reader is confused about what you are saying, then the y will not be paying attention to what you are trying to say. Take the time to write out the points that you want to make and then see if you can make them a little more specific. That way, the reader will see the importance of what you are trying to get across and you will be able to communicate better.An essay on an op ed will not only help you make a statement, but it will also allow you to make a difference. Op ed letters are a way for people to express their opinions, and it can be hard to know how to best express them. By writing an essay on examples, you will be able to tell your story in as much detail as possible, and you will be giving the reader some extra information that they can use in order to better understand the issues that you are trying to bring to light.Once you have an outline for your sample essay, it is time to begin writing. If you are going to write in a formal manner, you should prepare a beginning, middle, and end point for your outline. If you are going to write in a more informal manner, you can use an outline that includes all three parts. There is no right or wrong way to write an essay on examples, as long as you are consistent in what you are trying to say.You should be sure to always start by including examples to help make your point. The number of examples you include should depend on the type of essay that you are writing. There are some examples that will make a difference, while others will merely illustrate a point that you are trying to make.However, once you have decided what type of essay you are going to write, make sure that you actually look at examples of essays that you have done before. This will help you remember exactly what you are trying to say and will give you a better idea of how to structure your essay. As you continue to write, you will be able to refine the style that you use so that it fits the situation.Finally, when you write an essay on examples, make sure that you follow through with the steps th at you have outlined in your outline. If you want to take this step one step further, you can always write two samples instead of one. Using this method will not only help you to feel more organized, but it will also allow you to prove to yourself that you can be successful at this, and if you do, you will be able to inspire others to do the same.

A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective free essay sample

I do not believe the statement on the front of this essay to be true. I believe that in some cases this may be needed, but not always. I think it depends on the client and what their individual needs are. A personalised induction allows for a much more personal approach and this is provided with this type of induction. However, in many cases this is not necessary or possible. For example, group therapy or self help CD’s to help you quit smoking or help you sleep. A generic induction can also work as an ice breaker for clients who want help but are afraid of sharing too much personal information with the therapist at the start of treatment. Some clients find it hard to trust their therapist and some just do not trust hypnosis. I believe there are arguments for both sides the personalised induction and the generic screed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I do not believe either is better or worse than the other, they are as effective as each other but in different ways. Personalised Induction A personalised induction is a hypnotic induction tailored to suit a specific client. They are used by therapists because people are individuals and deserve the personal touch. There are many reasons why a personalised induction needs to be carried out; it will give you some very useful information on the client. Firstly, it is very important to ascertain the mental health of the client. A hypnotherapist must never work with anyone who has or has had psychosis. If the client is on any kind of psychological medication or has a history of mental health, then the hypnotherapist will need to get written permission from the client’s doctor to carry out any therapy. Secondly, it is also important to confirm the physical aspects of the client and whether they are pregnant or suffer from epilepsy. However, in many cases you can only go by the information the client provides you, which is why it is important for you as a therapist to be aware of the client’s appearance and how they react on the outside, as this will be a reflection of their internal self. Everybody has individual characters and personalities which differentiate in many ways, both internally and externally, despite superficial similarities. We have different likes and dislikes. We come from culturally diverse background and religions. Our upbringing will have provided us with a particular set of values and standards. In order to carry out an effective induction we should ideally include as many of the likes and very few if any of the dislikes in a person’s life. The idea of the induction is to put the person at ease, as explained in an earlier essay relaxation is the key to an effective induction. During the initial consultation it is important to obtain the relevant information and find out the history of a person in order to personalise an induction. However, a person’s preferences and modalities are not always fixed and sometimes situations change and too much can be presumed after an initial consultation, this means that inductions have to remain flexible. By understanding your client, and having an idea of which modality they favour will help them and you feel more comfortable. The Hypnotherapist may use a variety of means to discover what type of induction will be most appropriate. They will take notes on the client’s appearance, noting such things like colour of their clothing, body language, speech pattern, lateral eye movement and lifestyle. Personality and behavioural traits will also assist when compiling an induction (Chrysalis client screed assessment sheet will help). All the above are essential because it is estimated that about only 7% of communication is through the words we use, with tone and volume coming in second at 38%, and 55% is through body language (hypnosis and mental health). As the client will most likely have their eyes shut throughout an induction the hypnotherapist will lose over half of their opportunity to communicate. Techniques There are two generally recognised techniques of hypnotic induction that the therapist will use to induce the client into a state of relaxation, Authoritarian and Permissive. The Authoritarian technique is commanding and direct. Its purpose is to establish control over the client and alter behaviour through the use of repetitious commands. This approach was used in early experiments because hypnotists believed that the authority they had over their client increased their chance of success (hypnosis for change: 26). The phrases used are: Close your eyes now or you will listen to my voice and my voice will make you relax. Dave Elman was an influential figure in the Authoritarian approach. Elman was born in North Dakota on the 6 May 1900. As a teenager Elman became an entertainer, he was a talented saxophone and violin player. He also staged hypnosis acts, this was however short lived. In 1948 Elman was producing a charity event when the main act cancelled, to fill the gap left, Elman preformed a hypnosis act. Much to the applause of a group of doctors, who asked Elman to teach them his approach? The authoritarian approach that Elman used almost seemed to bridge a gap between stage hypnosis and hypnotherapy. Stage hypnosis uses very direct and sharp techniques. Elman incorporated these approaches to make a therapy. Although this approach may seem domineering, it only creates an illusion of the therapist being in control. The client has to be willing to be told what to do, so therefore the client is actually in full control and can stop the therapy at anytime. The Permissive technique employs a softer tone of voice to lull the client into relaxation. In contrast to the authoritarian technique, the hypnotist and the client are equal partners in the process. More imagery is used to enhance suggestions, and greater responsibility is given to the client (hypnosis for change: 27). The phrases used are: You may like to close your eyes or you may like to move around a little. Milton Erickson was born in 1901 in Nevada. Erickson was an influential man in the permissive approach. He used an unconventional approach to hypnosis, Erickson believed that by allowing people to participate in their own therapy this would allow them to take ownership of the changes and suggestions being made to them. Erickson used therapeutic metaphors and stories like scripts instead of orders in his therapy. This approach also allowed the clients to move at their own speed. Modalities Modalities play a big part in delivering an induction, and as such during the initial consultation with a client the hypnotherapist will pay particular attention to everything the client says, their actions and their personality. The Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic (VAK) are the three main modalities with Olfactory, Gustatory and Auditory Digital being the remainder. Each of the modalities are present in a person’s physiology, language, behaviour, social and working life and also in their lateral eye movement (LEM). Lateral eye movements are thought to show the response to the type of thinking we need to employ in order to access certain information. Each of the modalities has their own LEM and use of words: Visual thinking people have a tendency to daydream, fantasise and imagine, and they generally speak faster in a high but clear tone. They may hold their body in a less relaxed way and the LEM for this modality are likely to be defocused or looking up to the left or right. They look up to the right when they are forming images, maybe making something up and look to the persons left when they are actually remembering images. Effective language in a screed for this modality would use words like look, imagine, watch, bright and would include phrases like I see what you mean, the future looks bright or looks good to me. Auditory thinking people have a tendency to imagine sounds such as music and speech and they often have a melodious voice style. They may tilt their head to one side and exhibit rhythmic body movement at times. The LEM for this modality will be around the horizontal midline, looking to the person’s right when they are constructing sounds and looking to the left when they are remembering sounds. Effective language in a screed for this modality would use words like say, remarks, discuss and would include phrases like loud and clear, that sounds good or I hear what you are saying. Kinaesthetic thinking people have a tendency to want to touch everything and may have a soft or lower tone to their voice. They may have rounded shoulders and the LEM for this modality will usually be to look down to the right. Effective language in a screed for this modality would use words like touch, smooth, gentle, move, and warm and would include phrases like I know how you feel or put your finger on it or hold on a moment. The other modalities that could be used are Olfactory, which means smell and Gustatory, which means taste. A personalised induction can be very beneficial for the client as it is tailored to suit each person’s modality and whether they prefer a permissive or authoritative induction. It also aims to include the client’s likes, and avoids their dislikes. The more the client likes are incorporated into the induction, the more the client relaxes the more successful the treatment will be. Also eliminating any undesired distractions like outside noise and having to stop the induction to visit the toilet, would avoid the client from having their anxieties raised, as this will reduce the effectiveness of the hypnotic induction. As you have read there are many advantages to a personalised induction, but what are the disadvantages? Firstly there is the length of time it takes to create a personalised induction; this can be a very lengthy process. Secondly, not all hypnotherapy is carried out on a one to one basis, for instance it can be used in group therapy for weight loss or to stop smoking. The therapist would not be able to use a personalised induction in this setting, as everybody in the group would be at different levels of need, and so need different things from the induction. Finally, hypnotherapy treatment can be pre-recorded, duplicated, for example DVD or CD, and can be distributed to reach a larger audience, so a personalised induction would not be suitable in this instance. Other things that need to be considered are that the client’s preferences may not be fixed, and so could change from one session to the next, which would mean having to rewrite the induction. Conclusion At the start of this essay I believe that a personalised induction was not needed all the time and a generic screed would fit all. However, after reading and researching about personalised inductions, I now believe that a personalised induction will always be more effective where there is a one to one session for all of the reasons I have stated. There is however, still a danger of spending too much time on a personalised induction, only to find that when you next see that individual, events in their lives may have changed meaning that the induction you have done for them is now inappropriate. In this respect I believe a hypnotherapist should be flexible and open-minded when carrying out the induction. I believe it cannot tell us absolutely everything you will ever need to know about the client. I also believe that there is an element of the therapist in the induction as they us their skills when speaking to the client at the first meeting. I feel that the permissive and authoritarian styles will generally be quite easy to establish and sometimes a client’s job will also give this away. For example if someone is in the armed forces they would probably respond well to an authoritarian induction but you can never assume anything.

French Hyphens Dashes - Le Tiret et le trait dunion

French Hyphens Dashes - Le Tiret et le trait dunion Hyphens and m-dashes are important in both English and French, but they are considerably more common in the latter. This lesson explains when, why, and how to use hyphens and m-dashes in French. I. Trait dunion   -   Hyphen No space before or after A.  Rapport :  Indicate a link between words or parts of words. 1. Compound words grand-mre, couvre-lit, quatre-vingts 2. Hyphenated names Jean-Luc, Marie-Lise 3. Imperative + pronoun aide-moi, fais-le, allez-y 4. Inversion veux-tu, pouvez-vous, a-t-il 5. Prefixes non-fumeur, quasi-collision 6. Set expressions cestdire, visvis 7. Suffixes celui-ci, cet homme-l B.  Cà ©sure :  Link the parts of a word that breaks at the end of a line such as  Je veux aller la bou- tique. II. Tiret   -    M-dash Space before and after A. lments dune liste : deux bananes une pomme un kilo de fraises B. Incise : Emphasize a comment (aside, interjection, etc) Quand jtais la banque quelle horreur ! je lai vu.Paul mon meilleur ami va arriver demain. C. Dialogue : Indicate each change of speaker Jai vu Michel aujourdhui. Ah bon ? Oui, il tait avec sa fille.

Difference between Gantt Chart and Network Diagram Assignment

Difference between Gantt Chart and Network Diagram - Assignment Example The planning (2.0) phase is where a project management plan is prepared. This plan helps the project manager to control the project in order to ensure that all budget over-runs are identified early. In this phase, a scope statement (2.1), a work breakdown structure (2.2), and a schedule of time and cost information are prepared. The execution (3.0) phase is where the actual project work starts. A survey (3.1) is done and user information is recorded (3.2 User Input). The survey information relates to the four projects combined. The information from the survey is then used to determine the contents of each sub-project (3.3 and 3.4) as shown in Figure 1.1. Details of the activities of other sub-projects (part of 3.4 and 3.5 and 3.6) are shown in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2 shows part of the execution phase planning, the controlling (4.0) phase, and part of the closing (5.0) phase. An outline of a portion of the tasks to be completed in sub-projects 2 (3.4.3 and 3.4.4), the tasks for sub-projects 3 (3.5) and 4 (3.6) are provided. It shows parts of section 3.4 and sections 3.5 and 3.6. The screenshot shows that the contents have to be determined (3.5.1 and 3.5.2), items have to be procured (3.5.2 and 3.6.3) before or after the system is designed (3.5.3 and 3.6.2) before the application is developed. After the system is developed it has to be tested and debugged. Figure 1.2 also shows the controlling (4.0) phase where the work is monitored in order to control quality and cost and time over-run. In controlling the work adequate monitoring has to be done. Each of the sub-projects is reviewed (4.1.1) and feedback is provided (4.1.2). The technical personnel is then required to make changes (4.1.3). After the changes are made a status report is prepared. When all matters are addressed and the project is accepted, the final phase – closing (5.0) is attained.  Ã‚  

Frito Lay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frito Lay - Essay Example Some of the features of the sales job that made it appropriate for a results based approach to job performance are that the number of sales that the employees make determines the amount of profits that the company will make. Secondly is that the payment mode of the job is on a commission basis depending on the number of sales that an individual makes. 2. One of the advantages that accrue to Frito Lay in defining the performance of its route sales employees in terms of its behaviour is that it is able to concentrate on areas that will increase the sales depending on the route. However, a major disadvantage of this method in defining behaviour is that it makes it difficult to shift employees from one route to another due to the different behaviours that are required to make sale. In order to address these issues, a commission pay system should be modified to include a system of payment that is dependent on the timeliness of arrival for the high-volume route employees and the ability of low-volume route employees to negotiate for the ideal shelf space. 3. Frito Lay emphasized on behaviour of the route employees in its research to increase its sales, however there are other dimensions that are equally important, such as the different abilities and educational levels of the employees, as they will determine how effectively they will be able to handle their duties. Overlooking these aspects of performance is bound to make the route employees unable to meet their targets, which lead to low pay, and the company will record low profits. Indonesia- Asia stumbling giant 1. The poor economic performance that has been experienced in Indonesia has been because of political and economic factors. Some of the political factors that contributed to the poor economic performance include the rule of Dictator Suharto that left the country with huge debts to pay, in addition, the levels of corruption and lack of political goodwill has led to the stagnation of the economy. The economi c factors that have contributed to the poor economic performance include the reduction in foreign direct investments, the bureaucratic process that takes up to 151 days in order for a person to get a license to operate a business have also contributed to the low economic performance of Indonesia (Lewis, 91). These two factors are related since the political class, who have embezzled public funds and failed to formulate policies to spur economic growth has created the poor economic environment in the country. 2. Some of the reasons that might have led to foreign firms leaving Indonesia in the early 2000’s include the corruption levels in the country and bureaucratic processes; this meant a decline in GDP since there was no revenue generated by the firms any more. In order to reverse this trend, the levels of corruption and bureaucratic processes should be addressed. 3. Corruption in Indonesia is a challenge since the political class lack the goodwill to eradicate it, as they a re also involved, this has made foreign investors shy away from investing in the country. 4. A major risk that foreign firms in Indonesia face is jailing of their employees or their operation licenses not being renewed due to failure to give bribes to the authorities. To reduce these risks, these firms should lobby the government to create a favourable business environment for foreign firms. Japan’s economic malaise 1. The Japanese economy has stagnated because after the economic depression that the country faced, the country has been unable to spur economic growth again despite the government efforts. 2. The downward trend in the Japanese economy