Baroque Music and Renaissance Period

Who were the Poor Classes? Why is it somewhat surprising that they were accomplished musicians? They were nuns in the Catholic Church. Its was a surprise because they were nuns and wasn't expected to be great musicians. What is a chanson? A song in French, or a French song. What is the song â€Å"Fine Knacks for Ladies† about? What type of song is it? It's a poetic song. Knacks for Ladies is a madrigal – a poetic song. In it the singer presents himself as a humble peddler.Through the words to the song he argues eloquently that although his wares might seem superficially precious, they're worthless compared to the honesty and loyalty of his heart. Which of the songs was composed by Franciscan Bossiness, or Francis of Bosnia? Se maim per marginalia (If ever in wonder), was written by Franciscan Bossiness, or Francis of Bosnia. What is a lute? What is the history of the lute? When was the lute used? A plucked stringed instrument with a long neck bearing frets and a rounded body with a flat front that is shaped like a halved egg.The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance. What is a harpsichord? Where were these instruments often found? A keyboard instrument with horizontal strings that run perpendicular to the keyboard in a long tapering case and are plucked by points of quill, leather, or plastic operated by depressing the keys. It is used chiefly in European classical music of the 16th to 18th centuries. What is a notation knife?Knives with musical notes on the blade Many of the articles on the include a piece of artwork from the Renaissance period. How are music and art related? Do you think that the music of the period is reflected in the art of the period? Why or why not? Music and Art are related in that their both created by Artist or Creative people through inspiration either by nature or by your surroundings or a sudden or past event. Yes, music of the renaissance period was indeed reflected on the art. Like I said you can be inspired by surroundings. That's including, Music.Of the different music files that you've heard from the Renaissance period, which one do you like the best? Why? DoÃ'Ëœ event cell, belle, I Just sounds like that old world upper class renaissance music. It has the grand palace vibe I guess. How does the music of the Renaissance did offer from music today? (Think about the elements of music like tone color, rhythm, melody and so on). Today's music has changed so much that days, I think the reason is because of how much you can make on music today. The musicians didn't have a care of becoming famous because they were more concerned about the art.

Maya Angelou Essay

In Maya Angelou autobiography ‘I know why the caged bird sings’ many themes and issues are looked at. This autobiography shows the difficulty of a black woman growing up surrounded by discrimination and poverty, but also shows her determination, joy and hope. Maya Angelou describes her relationship with many character, this in it self is a theme of her writing, the way she sees people in her own light. Some characters that may be seen to be good people are changed by Maya’s opinion. A good example of this is the contrast between Maya’s mother and Maya’s father’s girlfriend. If both these characters were described, the father’s girlfriend maybe considers the better person. This is not the case after reading this book, as Maya has a way of making the reader see these characters as she sees them. After the separation of Maya Angelou’s parents she and her brother Bailey were sent away to live with her grandmother when Maya was only three. This must have been a terrible experience for a young child to go through, which some may think would have left Maya with resentment towards her mother. In fact this was quite the opposite. When Maya meet her mother again after she left her, Maya discarded the fact that she sent her away. She describes how as soon as she saw her mother, the nights she spent crying for her was forgotten. ‘I knew immediately why she had sent me away. She was too beautiful to have children. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, P58) This was Maya’s way of justifying her mother actions. Even if it maybe considered a bad thing what her mother did, Maya still thought she was wonderful. Later on in this book Maya’s mother did another bad thing. She shot someone twice, which again maybe considered a bad thing to do. ‘Since she had intended to shoot him (notice: shoot, not kill) she had no reason to run away, so she shot him a second time. – He had been shot, true, but in her fairness she had warned him. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 202 and 203) The language used when Maya describes this event show she thinks that this is not a major or bad thing that has happened. Maya again shows her mother as not a bad person even though what she has done is wrong. Maya’s mother was also believed to be a prostitute; Maya believes this too but again discards the idea because she knew that if that were true then she wouldn’t be able to live with her, which she wanted to. Even though Maya’s mother could be considered a bad mother, Maya thinks extremely highly of her. This can be seen from the choice of lexis, Maya uses to describe her mother. Maya always used nice words such as ‘beautiful’, ‘warm’, ‘glorious’. Maya is also enthusiastic when talking about her mother. At one point Maya goes to stay with her father and his girlfriend. Maya believed that being her mother was so beautiful, any woman her father was with after her mother would have been just as beautiful if not more. This was the start of Maya’s disappointment when meeting her stepmother. Maya disliked Dolores (her stepmother); you could tell this from the contrast in tones, from the happy tone when see talks about her mother to the dull and spiteful tone used when describing Dolores. ‘If Dolores had been a little less aloof, a little more earthy†¦ – She was mean and petty and full of pretense. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 222 and 223) Dolores theoretically was a good, honest person. She was a good, hardworking wife; she took Maya into her home and treated her well. Even though this, she is still seen as the bad one by the end of this part, from the way Maya talks about her. Maya uses mean words to describe Dolores, and is also sarcastic towards her when talking about her and their home. ‘She was on close terms with her washing machine and ironing board. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, P221) This shows one of the sarcastic phases used by Maya Angelou. It also shows that Maya was not the innocent party in her conflict with her stepmother. Maya went out of her way to irritate Dolores and to make her jealous of Maya relationship with her father. Dolores still comes of as the bad one at the end, after an argument with Maya. Maya tries to be nice to Dolores, but Dolores ends up calling Maya’s mother a ‘whore’. Even though this is possibly true and Maya questions this, she still defends her mother. It is Maya that makes the first attack on Dolores; Maya justifies her behaviour, which leaves her looking the better person. ‘What did she expect if she called my mother a whore? ‘ (Maya Angelou, 1984, P239) Another character who has an unexpected outcome is the dentist, Dr Lincoln. At one stage Maya, as a child was in a lot of pain with toothache. At the Maya was living with her grandmother in Stamps. The nearest Negro dentist to them was twenty-five miles away, which was too far for Maya to travel in such pain. As a result Maya’s grandmother took her to a dentist near by that owed her a favour. Many would believe a dentist to be a respectable, good, reliable person. This was not the case of Dr Lincoln. He refused to help a child in pain, even though Maya’s grandmother stopped him losing his business by lending him money. When speaking to Maya’s grandmother, Dr Lincoln was very abrupt and rude to her. He did not even acknowledge Maya, or the fact her face was swollen and she was in pain. ‘I’d rather stick my hand in a dog’s mouth than in a nigger’s'(Maya Angelou, 1984, P184) This was the harsh phase that Dr Lincoln used. This also shows discrimination and racism, another major theme in Maya Angelou’s autobiography. After Dr Lincoln refuses to help, Maya’s grandmother follows him in his office. When she later describes what happened she says that Dr Lincoln and the nurse were as ‘thick as thieves’. This is a simile used to accentuate Dr Lincoln characteristics. From the way Maya Angelou has written her autobiography ‘I know why the caged bird sings’ she has managed to successfully express peoples true characters. People that may be considered to have a good character such as Dr Lincoln have been shown for who they really are. This has been done by the choice of lexis and the tones that she has used to create different atmospheres when describing certain characters.

Declaration of Independence

Perhaps there is no other man in our history who has stressed the importance of the Declaration of Independence to our society except the former US President Abraham Lincoln. In his Gettysburg Address of 1863 he explained, â€Å"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. † Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776 drafted the Declaration of Independence declaring that the union with Great Britain should be dissolved. It was finally adopted on July 4, 1776. After years of colonial rule, the Thirteen Colonies declared that they were independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain. It is considered as a manifestation of our country’s yearning for freedom and our country’s most cherished symbol of liberty. The Declaration of Independence is divided into five parts: a) Introduction; b) Preamble; c) Indictment of George III, d) the Denunciation of the British People and e) the Conclusion. (â€Å"The United States Declaration of Independence†) The Introductory part basically declares that the Laws of Nature have given each and everyone of us the power to assume political independence. What is important however is that the basis for such independence must be reasonable. The Preambles declares that all men are created equal. In view of this equality, the government has no authority to violate the rights and dignity of every man. In case this happens, then revolution for violation of human rights becomes justified. The Indictment enumerates the countless violations and transgressions of human rights committed by the British Government against the Americans. The Denunciation declares that the American people have constantly pleaded for justice and magnanimity of the British government. No action however, was extended. As a result, revolution and declaration of independence is justified. II. The United States Constitution The Articles of Confederation was once the supreme law of the land for the United States Government. It was submitted for ratification on November 17, 1977 and was finally ratified on March 1, 1781. The Articles of Confederation was created during the American Revolutionary War. During those times, the different states were more concerned with the over-concentration of power in the national government and the possible abuse that may result. It is because of this reason that less authority was given to the national government. Further, the Articles of Confederation was considered very weak. Among its weaknesses are: a) the Congress could only request the states to pay taxes instead of levying taxes; b) there was no system of federal courts; c) the powers of the president are weak being limited to presiding over the sessions of Congress; d) there was no system of controlling trade between and among states. (Greg D. Feldmeth, 1998) In view however of the dissatisfaction by the people on some of the provisions of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention was created for the purpose of proposing amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The members of the Constitutional Convention prepared the draft of the United States Constitution in Pennsylvania. It was then adopted in 1787 and took effect in 1789. Among the members of the Constitutional Convention who helped in preparing the draft are James Madison, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. If the Declaration of Independence was written for the purpose of declaring our liberty, the United States Constitution was ratified for the purpose of establishing the government of the United States. It sought to inform the people of the extent of the powers of the government while at the same time limiting these governmental powers. It also sought to establish a formal structure of government by dividing the powers of government into three: the power to make the law; the power to execute the law and the power to interpret the law. These three main powers of government were divided into three branches: a) the executive branch; b) the legislative branch and the judicial branch.

Merger or Acquisition Case Study (Report) Essay

Merger or Acquisition Case Study (Report) - Essay Example On the other hand, if the organization feels it is not performing up to the expected levels, and needs some pep up from external forces, then also they can merge with or acquire company, which is also â€Å"sailing in the same boat† and thus facing the same issues. Thus, M&A can be both a successful strategy and at the same time survival strategy, aiding the organizations in the short as well as in the long run. Immediately it can fulfill the short term targets, and in the long run, probably after five years, it can satisfy each entities long term goals. So, this paper focusing on the merger of AT&T and BellSouth will first discuss the stated aims of that deal and the extent to which these aims have been fulfilled or being fulfilled. AT&T Inc is USA’s largest fixed telephony as well as mobile telephony provider. AT&T has reached its present status, after going through a series of break-ups and mergers. The original AT&T was divided in 1983 as a result of the United Stat es vs. AT&T antitrust suit, and Southwestern Bell Corporation (SBC) came into existence as the newer version of AT&T. Then in 1995, SBC changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. Then, finally in 2005, SBC Communications Inc. became AT&T Inc. ... One of the main aims of this acquisition by AT&T is to create a ‘super-sized’ AT&T, with largest customer base. In case of mergers and acquisitions, in particular acquisitions, the aim of the acquiring company is to further expand its size, operations, reach, etc, by absorbing all the resources of the acquired company. Likewise, in the case of AT&T, it is already a major corporation, while BellSouth was a middle player. Thus, AT&T wanted to further accentuate its size, reach and importantly customer numbers, and this acquisition of BellSouth provided the needed leverage and the numbers. The other associated aim of the acquisition is to control more than half of the telephone as well as internet broadband lines in USA. This way, it also wanted or aimed to beat their competitors. Competition is part of every business, and only if the concerned organization comes up with effective and sometimes â€Å"out of the box† strategy, it can beat off the competition. Thus, th is way AT&T can beat of its competitors like Verizon, Comcast, etc. With Verizon close on its heels, AT&T wanted to accumulate a customer base, which will be ahead of Verizon and other competitors. So, its aim to garner half of the total telephone and internet lines also pushed it to acquire BellSouth. Apart from these AT&T centric aims, the acquisition was also carried out with another aim of propping up Cingular Wireless, the mobile telephony wing. Even before the acquisition, both AT&T and BellSouth only managed Cingular’s operations, but without an single administrative setup. So, both AT&T and BellSouth through the acquisition process aimed to create a more efficient Cingular Wireless. Firstly, the merger

The Encryption of Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Encryption of Information - Essay Example Accordingly, the potential of encryption is being recognized as an essential element in fostering electronic commerce, worldwide.   In this direction, European Union has referred to this subject in their recent publication, in which the digital signatures and encryption have been identified as the important applications of cryptography (Holland, Cyberspace-law)   The process of encryption involves the conversion of the relevant data into a particular code, while a specific algorithm and key would be required to interpret the given code or cipher. While this process ensures the security of data, in case of any theft of the computer or device storing the data, its security is also ensured even when the data is tapped by an unauthorized third party, during its transmission over a network.   Therefore, data can be encrypted, while it is placed in a stored compartment, like a computer folder. Similarly, the encryption ensures that data is safe when it is being transmitted from one device to another, through a network. While the earlier would be a â€Å"Storage encryption†, the later is named as a â€Å"transmission encryption†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(Encryption at the University of California, 2006)   Although data security is of prime importance to the American federal policymakers, reports suggest that the governmental agencies have not achieved much in this regard. As per a report from Nebraska Bankers Association, dated August 5, 2008, the U.S. House committee on homeland security chairman.

Contrast Between Trains and Plains as Modes of Transportation Essay

Contrast Between Trains and Plains as Modes of Transportation - Essay Example Though they are very useful to passengers, they are very different from each other. Passenger-friendly Trains with its traditional way of picking passengers from each station has been very friendly with the passengers opting for short travels. It reaches each destination, waits for the people to board the train and then departs. This way, trains are much more passenger friendly. The same is not the case with Airplanes. Airplanes board all the passengers at a point and never stops till the destination is reached. In a way, it is useful for passengers who opt to travel to a particular point. Traveling comfort Many believe that Airplane is more comfortable than trains. With comfortable seating and a variety of seating class available, Airplanes outclass the train in the comfort they give to passengers. Planes allow the passengers to experience seating of different classes like the Luxury class, Business class, and the normal ones. Trains do not have these kinds of facilities though. It allows passengers to experience the same class. Speed Airplanes are much faster than trains. Airplanes can take less than half the time taken by train to reach a destination. It is much useful for people who want to travel to long distance places. Places which are far away can be reached in hours when traveled in Airplanes rather than in a train which takes thrice the time taken to reach the same place. Trains can help reach passengers short distance places quickly. An Airplane helps to reach farther places in quick time. Thus in terms of speed, Airplanes are better. Seating capacity Trains can board many people at a time. People can also stand and travel if they do not find a place to sit in the train. The strength of a train is dynamic and it changes with every station. At each junction, the number of passengers changes. Airplane holds only a certain number of passengers who board from a particular point. They cannot board out of the plane unless the destination is reached. Hence the strength in an Airplane is static. Cost to travel on a train is much cheaper than in an Airplane. Since the technology involved and the cost to run an Airplane is high, the cost is also high. The fares in trains are cheaper due to the concept that trains are run on electricity. Airplanes also allow different classes of seats for luxury with increased cost. Hence the cost of travel in planes is higher than those in trains. Safety has been a concern for everyone in this highly unsecured world. With the terrorists planting bombs everywhere, security has been an issue at all places. Airplanes have high security at their airports. This is most case makes sure that the terrorists do not create havoc in the Airplanes. The same level of security is not given in trains. Trains do not require any security check-ups before passengers enter. This sometimes leaves room for attacks in the trains by strangers or by terrorists. Human error can make the plane journey a disastrous one since a pla ne crash can kill everyone on board. Train accidents though kill people, does not kill the same number of people as dead in a plane. Trains and Airplanes with all the pro’s and con’s, remain people’s preferred choice. Each has its own advantages and disadvantage. When compared further, they match each other on the same scale.

Motivation and Reward Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation and Reward Systems - Research Paper Example Rewards are classified into two groups, namely, extrinsic (e.g. promotions, salary increases) and intrinsic (e.g. job satisfaction, enhanced self-confidence). Intrinsic rewards arise from the interplay between the job and the individual. Fundamental intrinsic aspects involve knowledge of outcomes, accountability, and meaningfulness (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003, 234). Knowledge of outcomes is associated with feedback on employee performance. Accountability is related to the extent employees feel responsible for the outcomes of their performance. Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011).... Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). As regards frequency, the mor e frequently rewards are granted and the more immediate they follow performance, the more successful they are expected to be. However, several rewards become ineffective when granted habitually. In terms of visibility, rewards are boosted when other individuals are aware of them. And lastly, as regards expense, the organization should be capable of giving out rewards (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). The Truth about Money as a Motivator and a Type of Reward Monetary rewards can raise motivation. Individuals need financial resources and hence desire money. Financial incentives can build motivation but it is not the sole driver of motivation. Wallace and Szilagyi explained that financial aspects can fulfill several

Excessive Police force In america Research Paper

Excessive Police force In america - Research Paper Example When the officer was being tried for killing, the jury was told to consider the following verdicts: second degree or involuntary manslaughter. The juror decided to charge him with involuntary manslaughter even after substantial evidence was provided. This kind of judgments also contributes a lot to police officers become brutal to their citizens. Even after congress had passed Violent Control and Law Enforcement Act, they have neglected their responsibility to continuously provide the necessary funds for its enactment. There is no need for the police to keep and criminal records since the legislations can handle this matter. It is quite unfortunate that the legislation department does not hold police officers responsible for their criminal acts and the violation of human rights. When police officers murder innocent citizens in America, they are most of the time charged with involuntary manslaughter. The definition of this term in legal terms is the unlawful killing of person that was done unintentionally (Alexander, 2005). May states in the world do not even have the proper definition of this term, thus many people go unpunished for the criminal act they have committed. Many people who are brutally murdered by the police officers rarely get justice. Even after a police officer is found guilty, his sentence is reduced. Some p olice officers are even released on parole when current fracas reduces and people have forgotten about the incident. When the court does not hold police officers accountable of his actions after committing a crime, citizens start demonstrating. The same police officers mishandle the citizens by arresting them in large numbers even if they are holding peaceful demonstrations. The citizens are disconnected to the police officers because of being handled heavily and brutally (Alexander, 2005). Families that are not served with justice after one of them is murdered are

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years Research Paper

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years - Research Paper Example Recent studies are exploring ribosome biogenesis’ role in inflammatory pathologies that include cancer (Blalock et al., 2014) and how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could contribute to or be a product of malignant cellular changes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Studying ribosome biogenesis and its dynamics and effects on malignant tumors can improve the understanding of cancer cell proliferation and may lead to more precise treatments/therapies for cancer (Blalock et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2015; Penzo et al., 2015). Ribosome biogenesis involves multiple steps, including rRNA transcription, development of pre-rRNA transcripts towards maturity, gathering of preribosomes, and RNA processing into mature ribosomes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) goes through the transcribing of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) into a 47 S rRNA precursor, which later becomes processed and turns into 18 S, 5.8S, and 28 S mature rRNAs (Nguyen et al., 2015). rDNA becomes multicopy genes in arrays, wherein the number of active genes in any specific time has epigenetic regulations (Nguyen et al., 2015). Furthermore, various cellular signaling pathways connected to cell growth impact the activity of proteins that are in charge of rRNA transcription and which can be co-opted through the oncogenic processes (Nguyen et al., 2015). The following studies provide novel discoveries about the genetic expressions of different kinds of cancers. Nguyen et al. (2015) studied the epigenetic and the post-transcriptional mechanisms that may give some explanation on how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could influence or be a product of malignant transformation. They learned from their studies that Akt has a function in pre-rRNA synthesis. Their findings and other research showed that the pro-cell survival PI3K/Akt axes are similarly connected to and may cause

The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain Essay Example for Free

The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain Essay Sociology has given us insights into our understanding of the rise in single parenthood in Contemporary Britain. Single-parent families have become increasingly common in Britain. According to government statistics, in 1961, 2 per cent of the population lived in households consisting of a lone parent with dependent children, but by 1998 this had more than tripled to 7 per cent.  According to Hantrais and Letablier (1996), Britain has the second highest rate of lone parenthood in Europe, and is exceeded only by Denmark, and rates in countries such as France, Greece and Portugal are much lower than those of Britain are. Children may start their life living in a single-parent family. However, the single parent may well find a new partner and marry them or cohabit with them. The child will then end up living with two parents.  It should also be noted that many children who live in a single-parent household do see and spend time with their other parent. Further more even in two-parent families, one parent (usually the mother) might be responsible for the vast majority of the childcare. There are many reasons why lone parenthood can come about. People who are married can become lone parents by divorce, separation or death of a spouse. Lone parents who have never been married may have been living with the parent of the child when the child was born, but they subsequently stopped living together. They may not have been living with the parent of the child when they were born. Official statistics give some indication of the frequency of the different paths to lone-parenthood, but do not provide a complete picture. Official figures for Britain shows that the largest proportion of female lone parents in 1995-7 were single, with about a third being divorced and just under a quarter separated. The figures for those who were single do not differentiate between those who were cohabiting when the child was conceived and those who were not. These proportions have changed over time. Clearly the rise in lone motherhood is closely related to increases in the divorce rate and tot he increase in births outside marriage. The increase in single lone mothers may partly result from a reduction in the number of shotgun weddings. Marriages that resulted from pregnancy were often unstable and could end up in producing lone motherhood through an eventual divorce or separation. Now, the partners may chose to cohabit rather than marry and, if their relationship breaks up, they end up appearing in the statistics as a single, never married, parent. The absence of cohabitation does not necessarily imply that the parents do not have a close relationship some writers see the rise of single parenthood as a symptom of increased tolerance of diverse family forms.  There are a number of reasons for supposing that the welfare state is not responsible for the increases. Some commentators dont believe that lone parenthood gives advantages to those seeking local authority housing. In 1993 John Perry, policy director of the Institute of Housing, said Ive not been able to find a single housing authority which discriminates in favour of single parents over couples with children. The homeless get priority, but there is no suggestion that a homeless single parent gets priority over a homeless couple. Single parents who are reliant upon benefits tend to live in poor housing conditions and to have low standards of living. There is little material incentive to become a single parent. There is evidence that a large majority of single parents do not wish to be reliant on state benefits. They would prefer to work for a living but find it impractical to do so. Single parenthood has increasingly become a contentious issue, with some arguing that it has become a serious problem for society.  A vast majority of the population would still agree, I think, that the normal family is an influence for good in society and that one-parent families are bad news. Since not many single parents can both earn a living and give children the love and care they need, society has to support them; the children suffer through lacking of one parent While most commentators agree that single parenthood can create problems for individual parents, many sociologists do not see it a s a social problem, and some see that it is a sign of social progress.  Some view the mother only family as an indicator of social disorganisation, signalling the demise of the family. Others regard it as an alternative family form consistent with the emerging economic independence of women. More controversial that the low average living standard of lone parents is the question of the psychological and social effects on children raised in such families. Findings of a number of American studies, which seem to indicate that children are harmed by single parenthood. These studies have claimed that such children have lower earnings and experience more poverty as adults; children of mother-only families are more likely to become lone parents themselves; and they are more likely to become delinquent and engaged in drug abuse. The findings of such studies must be treated with caution. In a review of research in lone parenthood, Louise Burghess notes that some research in the relationship between educational attainment and divorce suggests that children in families where the parents divorce start to do more poorly in education before the divorce takes place.  David Morgan does believe that the evidence suggests that the children of single parents fare less well than those from two-parent households. He qualifies this by saying that we still do not know enough about what causes these differences; as with the effects of financial hardship, the children would be affected by the stigma attached to coming from a single-parent family.  It is very difficult to disentangle the direct and indirect effects on children of being brought up in a single-parent household and therefore dangerous to make generalisations about such effects.

Research Methodology In Management Decisions Management Essay

Research Methodology In Management Decisions Management Essay Abstract Inline with planning and development, the quality and content of the supporting research is of great importance. It is therefore very necessary to design and adhere to an appropriate research methodology. The research methodology differs from one problem to another, but the basic approach remains the same. The objective of this assignment is to familiarize the art of using different research methods and techniques. This outline will assist in the accomplishment of exploratory, as well as result-oriented research studies. The following are the considerations which will be covered within the preview of research methodology. Objective of Business Research, Types of Research, and Types of Research Approach, Benefits, Business Research Requirements and Problems, Contents of a Research Plan, Features of a Business Research Report. Introduction and Needs: Introduction to Business Research In the present fast track business environment marked by cutthroat competition, many organizations rely on business research to gain a competitive advantage and greater market share. Business Research will be the pursuit of the truth with the observation of study, an comparison and experiment. The knowledge can be searched through objectives and systematic methods of finding solution to the entire problem. Discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon. Research comprises the following: Defining and redefining problems. An art of formal training which enables one to understand the new developments in ones field in a better way. Search for knowledge, scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic, an art of scientific investigation. Careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Systematized effort to gain new knowledge. An original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. The Business Research Problem 1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research 2. Most of the business units do not have the confidenceThat the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused. They are often reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be sacrosanct to business organizations. 3. Research to many researchers is mostly a scissor and paste job without any insight shed on the collated materials. Due to this the research results, quite often, do not reflect the reality or realities. My Idea There is a need for generating the confidence that the information/data obtained from a business unit will not be misused. Good research is structured systematically with specified steps and sequence to be taken in accordance with the well defined set of all rules. Care should be taken that the systematic characteristic of the research work does not rule out our creative thinking but it certainly does not reject the use of guessing intuition in arriving at conclusions. Good research is empirical as it is related to basically one or more aspects of the real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for all external validity to have a research results. Good research is replicable as it allows research results to be verified by expert in replicating the study for building a sound basis for decision. 1. Objective of Business Research To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else and to test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. To understand the market trends, or find the optimal marketing mix, devise effective HR Policies, or find the best investment options. 2. Types of Research 2.1 Application of Descriptive Research For descriptive studied in which the researcher seeks to measure items such as, frequency of shopping, preferences of people etc. Method of research utilized are, Survey methods of all kinds, Comparative methods and Co-relational methods 2.2 Analytical Research The researcher has to use facts of information already available. The researcher has to analyze facts to make a critical evaluation of the material. 2.3 Applied Research Its main purpose is to find a solution for an immediate problem facing by a society or an industrial business organisation and to discover a solution for some pressing practical problems. For example, Research studied concerning human behavior must be carried on with a view to make generalizations about human behavior. Research aimed at certain conclusions facing a concrete social or business problem. 2.4 Fundamental Research It concerned with generalization and with the formulation of a theory. For example, Research concerning some natural phenomenon, Research relating to pure mathematics. 2.5 Quantitative Research Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. It concerned with qualitative phenomenon and phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. 2.6 Attitude or opinion research It is a qualitative research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution 2.7 Qualitative Research It has importance in the behavioral sciences. Its aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behavior. It analyzes the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. 3. Types of Research Approach 3.1 Quantitative Approach It involves the generation of data in quantitative form, which can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion. 3.2 Experimental approach Greater control over the research environment and some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on to other variables. 3.3 Qualitative Approach It is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behavior. Techniques used are Focus group interviews, Projective techniques and Depth interviews. 4. Benefits of Business Research 4.1 Benefits in business and Industry Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system the plight of cultivators, the problems of distribution, size and nature of defense services etc. It collects information on the economic and social structure of the nation; which indicates what is happening in the economy and what changes are taking place. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. 4.2 Benefits for professions, philosophers and thinkers Its responsibility as a science is to develop a body of principles that make possible the understanding and prediction of the whole range of human interactions. Because of its social orientation, it is increasingly being looked to for practical guidance in solving immediate problems of human relations. 5. Contents of Research Plan 5.1 Layout of the Report Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough information about the study so that he or she can place it in its general scientific context; judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. Following are some suggestions, though styles may differ. 5.2 Preliminary Pages In its preliminary pages the report should carry a title and date, and put acknowledgements at the end in the form of Preface or Foreword. Then, a table of contents, list of tables and illustrations so that anybody can easily locate the required information in the report. 5.3 Main Text This provides the complete and detailed outline of the research report. The title of the research study is repeated at the top of the first page of the main text and then follows the other details on pages numbered consecutively, beginning with the second page. The main texts have the following sections. a. Introduction findings b. The result c. The implications drawn from the result and d. The summary. The main body of the report should be presented in logical sequence and broken-down into readily identifiable sections. The key findings are concisely presented in the executive summary running into 100-200 words or a maximum of two pages. The major thrust should be on highlighting the objectives, salient features, and analysis of the results including the recommendations 5.3.1 Introduction It includes Clear statement of the objectives of research. A brief summary of other relevant research so that the present study can be seen in that context. The hypotheses of study Definitions of concepts The methodology adopted The statistical analysis adopted The scope of the study and The various limitations should be mentioned. 5.3.2 Results It includes a. The main body of the report b. Statistical summaries All relevant results must find a place in the report and must be presented in logical sequence and split into readily identifiable sections. 5.3.3 Implications of the results It includes a. A statement of the inferences drawn from the present study which may be expected to apply in similar circumstances. b. The condition of the present study which may limit the extent of legitimate generalizations of the inferences drawn from the study. c. The relevant questions that still remain unanswered or new questions raised by the study along with suggestion for the kind of research that would provide answers for them. 5.3.4 Summary It has become customary to conclude the research report with a brief summary, describing in brief the research problem, the methodology, the findings and conclusions drawn from the research results. 5.4 End Matter At the end, appendices should be enlisted such as questionnaires, sample information, mathematical derivations etc in respect of all technical data . Bibliography of sources consulted should be given and index should invariably be given at the end of the report. The value of index is the fact that lies in the works as a guide to the reader for the contents of all the report. 6. Criteria of Good Business Research 1. Purpose should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. Statements should be short and direct. 2. Underlining relevant parts for better emphasis 3. Pictures and graphs accompanying tables. 4. Graphics and animations accompanying the presentation of the report. 5. Procedure should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. 7. Features of a Business Research Report 7.1 Problem Definition A problem is any situation which requires further investigations. Decisions made on the judgments may not always turn out to be correct, but the problem may not be important enough to justify substantial time, money and effort to be spent on solving. It is correctly said that a problem well defined is half solved. Clear, precise, to the point statement of the problem itself provides clues for the solution .On the other hand a vague, general, or inaccurate statement of the problem only confuses the researcher and can lead to wrong problem being researched and useless results generated. 7.2 Research Objectives Address the purpose of the project. The basic purpose of research is to facilitate the decision making process. Every research follows a set of well-planned objectives. The general and specific objectives should be stated. These can be adjusted for sequencing without changing their basic nature. The research objectives can take the form of questions and statements. 7.3 Background Material à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Include a review of the previous research or descriptions of conditions that caused the project to be authorized. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It may entail preliminary results from an experience survey or secondary data from various sources. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The references from secondary data, definitions and assumptions are included. 7.4 Methodology 1. Sampling Design 2. Research Design 3. Data Collection 4. Data analysis 5. Limitations 6. Findings 7. Conclusions 8. Recommendations 9. Appendices 10. Bibliography 7.4.1 Sampling Design Here Researcher defines the target population and the sampling methods put to use. It contains other necessary information such as: 1. Types of sampling (probability or non-probability) used 2. Types of probability sampling (Simple random or complex random) or non-probability sampling (quota sampling or snowball sampling) used. 3. The factors influenced the determination of sample size and selection of the sampling elements. 4. The levels of confidence and the margin of acceptable error. 7.4.2 Research Design Should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible. It should contain information on: Nature of research design Design of questionnaires Questionnaire development and pre-testing Data that was gathered Sources (both primary and secondary) from which data was collected Scales and instruments used Designs of sampling, coding and method of data input. Strength and weaknesses Copies of materials used and the technical details could be placed in the appendix. 7.4.3 Data Collection The collection of primary data for business research is of paramount importance to assist management in making decision. Generally, information regarding a large number of characteristics is necessary to analyze any problem pertaining to management. The collection of primary data requires a great deal of deliberation and expertise. 7.4.4 Data Analysis Provides information on the different methods used to analyze the data. It should justify the choice of the methods based on assumptions. It should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully. It provides details on: a) Data handling b) Groundwork analysis, c) Rational statistical test and analysis. 7.4.5 Limitations Certain researchers tend to avoid this section but this is not a sign of professionalism. There should be a tactful combination of reference and explanation of the various methodologies and their limitations of implementation problems. The limitations need not be explained in detail. Details of limitation do not detract from the research. They help the reader in acknowledging its honesty and validity. 7.4.6 Findings It is better to report one finding per page and support it with quantitative data It presents all the relevant data but makes no attempt to draw any inferences The section attempts to bring to the fore any pattern in the industry Charts, graphs, and tables are generally used to present quantitative data 7.4.7 Conclusions Conclusions are inferences drawn from the findings. It should be directly related to the research objectives or hypotheses. Researcher should always present the conclusions as he has first hand knowledge of the research study. It is wrong to leave the inference of the conclusions on the reader. It should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. Towards the end of the main text, researcher should again put down the results of his research clearly and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up. 7.4.8 Recommendations Recommendations are a few corrective actions presented by the researcher. Highlight the actions the report calls for as per the researcher. It should be in line with the results of the report. It should be explicit. They may even contain plans of how future research for the same can proceed. Recommendation should be given if the client wants them else should be avoided because some decision-makers do not want their thought process to be limited to the recommendations given. In such a case, the report should not carry any recommendations. 7.4.9 Appendices Appendices are optional. It includes Raw data Calculations, Graphs Copies of forms and questionnaires Complex tables Instructions to field workers Quantitative material that would look inappropriate in the main text. The reader can refer to them if required. Care should be taken that they do not exist in isolation and reference to each appendix is given in the text. 7.4.10 Bibliography There is a list of citations and references of books and periodical articles on the particular topics, journals etc., consulted should also be given in the end. 7.4.11 Index Index is given specially in a published research report. It contains all the works consulted in the preparation of the report, not just those referred to in the text. A consistent reference format should be used all through the section Conclusions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Research will require the collection of new data through surveys and/or the use of existing data such as is often the case in the application of econometrics. These approaches are often associated with survey statisticians and economists, respectively. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Report should be written in a concise and objective style in simple language avoiding vague expressions such as it seems, there may be, and the like. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Charts and illustrations in the main report should be used only if they present the information more clearly and forcibly.

Romanticism: Connect with the Arts :: miscellaneous

Romanticism: Connect with the Arts The romantics of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century was the reaction against the Enlightenment and Classical rationality. Unlike the rational and analytical thinking of classical thinkers, romantics allowed their emotions to take over. Painters escaped the rigid form of straight lines and proportions and painted swirling and colorful paintings, novelists and composers broke the rigid forms and essentially produced works that expressed feelings, the awe of nature, and the belief that gaining experience is more beneficial to learning. Perhaps the most influential minds of romanticism were the French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and German writer, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Many credit Rousseau as the â€Å"Father† of romanticism, due to his belief of spiritual freedom from any power, and his emphasis on expression of emotions. Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther published in 1774 also contributed in the spread of romanticism due to its emphasis on rebell ion based on belief and emotions. Another novel, Frankenstein: or the Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelly accurately portrays many aspects of the romantic era. Victor’s quest for knowledge shows the rational side and serves as the foil to the individual emotions and needs. One of the main romantic topics in Shelly’s novel is the concept of an overpowering nature that has the ability to soothe or destroy. Published in 1818, the novel had aspects of both Gothic and Romantic ideals imbedded within the pages. Shelly’s depiction of nature is shown throughout the novel. In one scene, Victor was â€Å"the only unquiet thing that wandered restless in a scene so beautiful and heavenly†¦tempted to plunge into the silent lake, that the waters might close over me and my calamities forever†. The concept of a sublime nature is portrayed in this scene by the idea that the calmness and serenity of nature has the ability to calm a person down. The romantic nature is idealized as unconquerable, awe-inspiring figure. In addition, the element of suicide is present, which may have been influenced by Werther, in which suicide is presented as a form of expressing rebellion and a voice of freedom from authority. Another example of a soothing nature would be when Victor observed the â€Å"the lightnings playing on the summit of Mont Blanc in the most beautiful figures†. Even though romanticism focuses on the portrayal of nature, it has a deeper meaning. Other than obtaining utmost calmness, nature also provides a way for authors to express themselves within the novel.

Traumatic Brain Injury Essay -- Health, Diseases

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in industrialized societies. Associations between TBI and neuropsychiatric disorders have been recognized for many years. Impulsive aggression is one of the most socially and vocationally disruptive consequences of these neuropsychiatric disorders (Tateno, 2003). Aggressions can be broadly divided in to two types: Reactive/ Impulsive aggression (RA) refers to aggression that is impulsive, emotionally charged, affective and uncontrolled. It has its theoretical roots in the frustration-tolerance theory. It is most often observed in response to a perceived threatening stimulus and is frequently accompanied by negative affect, facial expressions described as hostile, temper tantrums, anger and a reported feeling of loss of self-control has been strongly associated with a range of adolescent physical and social factors such as peer rejection and lower social orientation , social skills problems starting fights, getting angry and physical abuse . On the other hand, Proactive aggression (PA) is pre-meditated, controlled or has the specific intent of harming another. While PA can have the same form as RA (i.e. overt physical aggression), its primary function is to dominate, steal, tease or coerce others. This notion of intentionality in is derived f rom social learning theory and is argued to be motivated by a desire for interpersonal dominance or an expectation that aggression is a suitable means of achieving some desired reward such as money or toys. It has been associated with a range of deviant adolescent behaviours such as criminality, bullying, delinquency, delinquency-related violence and externalizing problems later in life and affiliation with delinquent peers (Dooley et... ... to conclude that, impulsive aggression after TBI is not a one-dimensional concept. Instead aggression can take several forms and challenges clinicians to consider the needs of patients from a more multidimensional perspective. Aggression following TBI is associated with multiple neurobiological and psychosocial and neuropsychological factors, including major depression, substance abuse, and impaired social function as well as the presence of brain injury involving the frontal lobe. The neurobiological organic and chemical complications caused by brain injury results in the neuropsychological mechanisms in the brain which results in dysfunction of different parts of the brain in controlling the overall emotional reactivity of an individual. This condition is reinforced by different pre-existing and co-existing behavioural and social conditions of the individual. Traumatic Brain Injury Essay -- Health, Diseases Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in industrialized societies. Associations between TBI and neuropsychiatric disorders have been recognized for many years. Impulsive aggression is one of the most socially and vocationally disruptive consequences of these neuropsychiatric disorders (Tateno, 2003). Aggressions can be broadly divided in to two types: Reactive/ Impulsive aggression (RA) refers to aggression that is impulsive, emotionally charged, affective and uncontrolled. It has its theoretical roots in the frustration-tolerance theory. It is most often observed in response to a perceived threatening stimulus and is frequently accompanied by negative affect, facial expressions described as hostile, temper tantrums, anger and a reported feeling of loss of self-control has been strongly associated with a range of adolescent physical and social factors such as peer rejection and lower social orientation , social skills problems starting fights, getting angry and physical abuse . On the other hand, Proactive aggression (PA) is pre-meditated, controlled or has the specific intent of harming another. While PA can have the same form as RA (i.e. overt physical aggression), its primary function is to dominate, steal, tease or coerce others. This notion of intentionality in is derived f rom social learning theory and is argued to be motivated by a desire for interpersonal dominance or an expectation that aggression is a suitable means of achieving some desired reward such as money or toys. It has been associated with a range of deviant adolescent behaviours such as criminality, bullying, delinquency, delinquency-related violence and externalizing problems later in life and affiliation with delinquent peers (Dooley et... ... to conclude that, impulsive aggression after TBI is not a one-dimensional concept. Instead aggression can take several forms and challenges clinicians to consider the needs of patients from a more multidimensional perspective. Aggression following TBI is associated with multiple neurobiological and psychosocial and neuropsychological factors, including major depression, substance abuse, and impaired social function as well as the presence of brain injury involving the frontal lobe. The neurobiological organic and chemical complications caused by brain injury results in the neuropsychological mechanisms in the brain which results in dysfunction of different parts of the brain in controlling the overall emotional reactivity of an individual. This condition is reinforced by different pre-existing and co-existing behavioural and social conditions of the individual.

Emancipations Of Slaves And Women In The Early Nineteenth Century Essay

In three decades prior to the outbreak of Civil War, the Northern United States abounded with movements yearning for social transformation. The two most important movements, the ones that struck deeply at the foundations of American society, that ones that were so influential that they indeed provided the historical background to the two immense issues that Americans continue to debate and struggle with, were the crusades for the abolition of slavery and the equality of women. In the early nineteenth century, the people who challenged the idea of slavery and the adversity of women were usually slaves and women themselves. They were the ones once considered the "less-humans" without any right to speak, yet they were the ones directly suffered from oppression. The anti-slavery movements took place in the aftermath of the American Revolution and prior to the outbreak of Civil War. Being evoked by the sinful nature of slavery, people like William Lloyd Garrison, a Massachusetts printer and editor, began to make verbal actions against slavery. In January 1, 1831, Garrison published the first issue of The Liberator (Rankin 50), which was to be one of the very first vehicles for radical abolitionism. The sentiments of women's rights came afterward the experiences in anti-slavery movements. Sarah and Angelina Grimkà © were among the very effective anti-slavery speakers. As active reformers, women gradually developed organizational skills that were necessary for a nother thorough social transformation. They learned to appeal persuasively in order to speak to large groups of men and women about the importance of social transformation. In the service of anti-slavery, women had found their voices. At the First Women's Rights Convention in 184... ...s today, the United States is certainly a less racially and sexually unequal society than it was back in the nineteenth century. Even though the American people are still struggling with the true meanings of justice and equality and how to soundly apply them to society, the wrongly-driven ideology is decomposed forever. Even though the status of African Americans and women in the United States today still needs improvement, the victories they conquered so far have sparkled the history of human civilization. All these changes do represent the hardest efforts that the American people have paid in the past centuries in order to change the United States and the world to a better place for living. Works Cited Rankin, David C. History 40B Reader. Irvine: Anteater Publishing, 2003. Roark, James L., et al. The American Promise. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.

A history of African American slaves Essay

But as mentioned, may also argue for the more positive portrayal of John Brown in writings and media. They believe that negative portrayal of John Brown gives an unfair interpretation of his history. They argue that many of the writers who have put John Brown in a bad light let their writings be tainted with bias, and so some of them veered away from impartial interpretation of facts that surround Brown. Many argue that John Brown, as a human being, is a product of his past, and how he was shaped by his society. These people say that as much as you can’t blame John Brown like you can’t fully blame a suicide bomber for dying and killing for his convictions and beliefs. He was one of those who viewed society through a revolutionary lens, only that he let his eyes go awry by choosing violent methods. It could also be that he was pressured into going through violent acts because he wanted immediate change, and saw that relatively peaceful methods like passing legislations were not effecting these changes fast enough. It can be recalled that he once tried to use negotiation to settle the prices and terms in the wool industry, yet to no avail. Several factors like this could have led to this kind of mindset that he had. Some people view him as a hero, as proved by many edifices and statues built in his honor. For some people, especially the African-Americans, his motives were enough to proclaim him as a hero and a martyr for the nation. This point proves that personal history of the race or culture greatly affects the lens through which people look at things in the environment. Since the ancestors of these people were the ones defended by Brown, they feel indebted to him in some way. Without his armed action against the southerners, then major recognition of their peoples’ freedom wouldn’t have occurred. The people that John Brown tried to save were the ones who look up to him as a liberator still. From when he was alive to when he was executed, the public viewed him as both a violent rogue and a patriot. However multifaceted the views of John Brown’s character may be, it is important that we ground our views on the facts and truths found in history. There are many things we have to consider about his personality, character and motivations, and these things are needed to form a good opinion and view of Brown. CONCLUSION John Brown supported ideologies that were unaccepted during his time, and used methods that were unacceptable both when he lived and after this period. In his time, he garnered both the dissent of both slavery supporters and pacifist abolitionists, and the support of some abolitionists. The presence of multiple opinions was also evident even after his death. His image still acquires the same two sides of public opinion no matter how times have changed. John Brown is an American historical figure whose image contains many facets to it because people from different times had different â€Å"lenses† or factors like values systems, cultural and social backgrounds to view his life with. These factors influence how people form opinions and views. Whatever â€Å"lens† we may have and use in viewing John Brown’s image or any other thing outside of ourselves, it is important that we remain accurate and faithful to truth and fact as much as possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berlin, Ira. Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves.United States of America: President and Fellows of Harvard College , 2003. Catterall, Helen T. Judicial Cases Concerning Slavery and the Negro. New York: Octagon Books, 1968. â€Å"Civil War History†. Southernhistory. net. http://www. southernhistory. net/modules. php? op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9406. (accessed April 9, 2009) Chowder, Ken. The Father of American Terrorism. New York: American Heritage, 2002. DeCaro Jr. , Louis A. â€Å"People’s Ally, White People’s Bogeyman: A John Brown Story† in Andrew Taylor and Eldrid Herrington (editors), The Afterlife of John Brown. 2005 DeCaro Jr. , Louis A. John Brown–The Cost of Freedom: Selections from His Life & Letters. 2007. Fried, Albert. John Brown’s Journey: Notes & Reflections on His America and Mine. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978. Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Random House, Inc. , 1974. Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989. Genovese, Eugene D. , and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism. England: Oxford University Press, 1983. â€Å"John Brown†. Spartacus Educational. http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/USASbrown. html (accessed April 9, 2009) Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619-1877. Canada: HarperCollins Canada Ltd. , 1994. Olsen, Otto H. â€Å"Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States†. Southernhistory. net http://www. southernhistory. net/modules. php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9406 (accessed April 9, 2009) Partyka, Jennifer. â€Å"Brown, John†. The Pennsylvania Center for the Book. http://pabook. libraries. psu. edu/palitmap/bios/Brown__John. html (accessed April 9, 2009). Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Right. New York: Vintage Books, 2005. Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Norwood, Mass. , 1906. â€Å"Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860†. The Library of Congress. http://lcweb2. loc. gov/ammem/sthtml/sthome. html (accessed April 9, 2009).

Positive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a change in the mid-18th century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. It is usually thought of as having mostly or only positive impacts on Europe. Although the revolution did have many positive impacts, it had its fair share of negative impacts as well. Some of the positive outcomes included the overall increase in production and value of goods, improved efficiency of how these goods were made, and the development of new power sources. The Industrial Revolution also caused a great increase in population and urbanization.This increase resulted in several negative impacts. Some included unsafe working and living conditions, child labor, and lack of many public services. Clearly, the Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on European society with both positive and negative effects. The Industrial Revolution had many positive effects. Overall, the increase in quality, quantity, and efficiency of goods w ere the main positive impacts of the Industrial Revolution. However, it all started in the agricultural industry. Due to numerous inventions and improvements in the agricultural methods, many of the people who worked the lands on manors had to move to the cities.This caused a growth in the number of cities as well as a growth of the population living in the cities- urbanization. This was one positive effect of the revolution. Inventions in the textile industry also were developed. The first was the flying shuttle which greatly sped up the weaving process. This invention led to a chain of new inventions that continually increased the speed and efficiency of production and quantity. Eventually domestic production of goods evolved into larger machines run in factories, mass production, and the need for larger power sources.This change from domestic production of goods to factory-based production was another positive effect (Docs 1a and 1b). The large-scale production of goods, first in the textile industry, caused a decrease in the price of these goods. This in turn caused a better economy. Therefore, as the goods became cheaper and the economy became better, the demand and production increased. These two impacts, the improved economy and decrease in price of goods were also positive. Because the machines mass producing goods in factories were so large, a new, stronger power source became a necessity.This resulted in the invention of the water frame, which then led to the steam engine and the internal combustion engine (used mostly in vehicles and other modes of transportation). This development of new power sources was yet another positive impact of the revolution. Finally, as urbanization and industrialization caused unsafe living and working conditions, a series of reforms were made to improve these conditions. Reform groups such as the Labor Unions advocated for improvements in the laborers’ conditions in which they were subjected to work and live. The Factory Act of 1833 was among several laws passed prohibiting child labor (Doc 2).The Sadler Commission, a government sponsored organization, sent inspectors to the factories to enforce the new laws that improved the laborers’ lives at work. Clearly, the Industrial Revolution had numerous positive impacts on Europe. Several negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution also developed despite its numerous positive effects. Many of the negative impacts actually came as a result of urbanization and industrialization. According to document 3, the number of large cites just about doubled between 1801 and 1851. The primary negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution included the working and living conditions of the workers.Because of their low social status and lack of money and land, the laborers were forced to work for people of higher social status, or the bourgeoisie. As previously mentioned, the workers, or the proletariat, were forced off of their land as their manual agri cultural labor was replaced by faster, more efficient machines. With almost no money, they moved to the cities and set to work right away. Unfortunately, their poverty earned them horrible working and living conditions. They received very little pay given the number of hours they put in- they were usually overworked for up to 16 hours a day.The machines they worked around were very large and dangerous, and a worker could get fired if he or she was injured by a machine. This lack of worker’s compensation, or job security, was one negative impact of the revolution. Another major negative effect of the revolution was the worker’s dangerous working conditions. Even the few hours the workers spent at home were pretty unsafe. Due to lack of plumbing and garbage disposal, the streets of the slums often exposed the inhabitants to many diseases because they were â€Å"filthy and strewn with animals and vegetable refuse† (Doc 5).The families of the proletariat were also o ften overcrowded- many times multiple families were crammed into one small living space. The unsanitary and overcrowded living conditions of the workers provided yet another negative effect of the Industrial Revolution. The extent of how unsanitary their living conditions were is shown in this quote: â€Å"†¦ the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars in which the country has been engaged in modern times† (Doc 6).This proves that not only were the working conditions of the proletariat dangerous, but the unsanitary conditions in which they lived also provided an unsafe environment that caused the deaths of many. Finally, one dominant, negative issue that resulted from the Industrial Revolution was child labor. Children were often used in the factories and coal mines because of their size. In the textile factories, they were small enough to dart under the machines and try to fix tangled threads with the ir quick, nimble fingers.However, this work was quite dangerous because they could lose their fingers if they were not fast enough; if they got injured in this way, or any way really, they could then lose their job. Fortunately, child labor was an issue soon solved due to the Labor Acts of 1833, 1842 (Mines Act), 1845, and 1874. Undoubtedly, the Industrial Revolution had a considerable number of negative effects. The Industrial Revolution was certainly one movement that had a huge impact on Europe. As with many things, it had its pros and cons. Some pros comprised of the increase of production, quality, and quantity of goods.This increase also led to another positive effect: an improved economy due to lowered prices of goods. Some cons included the unsafe working conditions workers suffered through as well as the unsanitary, overcrowded living conditions they had to deal with. Also, early on, lack of worker’s compensation, or job security, and public services such as plumbing and proper garbage disposal did not make matters any better. The Industrial Revolution may have had its ups and downs, but nonetheless, completely changed the face of Europe by the time of its end.

Integrative Network Design Project Essay

The redesign for Kudler Fine Foods has covered the topology and standards and has defined the architecture, protocols, and strategies it will employ. Now security is the issue that needs to be reviewed. The most important aspect of any communications platform is that it is secure. This paper will discuss the security of the network and the details of the hardware choices that will be used in it. Security Hardware and Software Between every network and the outside host of threats there is a first line of defense. For almost every network this will be a firewall. A firewall can be both hardware and software and is usually a combination of the two. A firewall creates a barrier between networks. Any outside computer or client must pass through the firewall to access the network or its resources. Only a computer or system that has proper access can easily access a network protected by a properly configured firewall. Though it is not infallible, a firewall is the first and perhaps best means of security available to a network. The Kudler Fine Foods network will have firewalls installed and configured at each location. These firewalls will be designed to allow access from authenticated users inside the network. Communication outside of the network should be minimal and not available from unauthenticated sources. Customers do have the ability to access certain account information from the Kudler Fine Foods website. These accounts allow them an authenticated login to the webserver which can access the firewall and the specific account information behind it. Customers themselves do not have access to the network or its files. A truly secure network does not rely on a firewall alone. Individual devices still require their own security measures installed on them. The method of having each end user device be responsible for its own security is called Endpoint Security and many current forms of security systems use this ideology. Third party software can be installed that handles the actual endpoint security of the device. The important point is that each device has current software that protects against intrusion, viruses, and malware. Devices on the Kudler Fine Foods network will be installed with an application suite that will suit all of these needs. In addition to antivirus and antimalware software every device should have appropriate encryption. LAN vs WAN A local area network (LAN) is the most basic form of network; however the word local can be subjective. A local network can mean a small network in a home, or a business network covering several buildings on a city block. LANs are relatively fast, compact, and when configured correctly, have few errors or problems. The hardware needed to build an LAN is set up on OSI levels 1 and 2 and include devices like switches, bridges, hubs, and repeaters. Wide area networks (WAN) are complex networks that span large geographical areas. The most commonly known WAN is the Internet. WANs tend to be slower in speed, highly complex, and intolerant of system problems. Because of the multitude of connections on a WAN, even a simple down can create problems across the network. Fundamental Network Hardware All networks, whether local or larger, are built on the same types of hardware. Most of these systems are using Ethernet technology to connect them. Ethernet cabling uses twisted pair cabling to transmit data and connect devices with a universal technology. Networks use a system of routers, hubs, and switches connected by Ethernet cable. Routers are gateways between networks; these are frequently combined with other devices like a modem. Hubs create a connection point between sections of a network.  Hubs function by relaying frames received to all clients. Hubs are â€Å"dummy† technology in that they do not analyze the frames coming to them and do not relay them specifically to the intended recipient. Instead they transmit any received frame to all clients connected to them. This is a quick, cheap way of ensuring data is transmitted, but it does create large amounts of extra network traffic. A smarter and more expensive piece of equipment contemporary to the hub is the switch. A switch does the same function as the hub but is smarter than a hub. While hubs simply repeat their information to all clients, switches scan the frames that come to them and determine the recipient address. This way the switch can forward the frame to the proper client without tying up more network resources than necessary. Conclusion The Kudler Fine Foods network upgrade will be constructed on Ethernet technology, just as it is now. The fundamental construct will involve use of these hardware technologies and will include switches and routers. The three buildings are in different cities, so they will each have their own local networks. Each network has a connection to the other networks so they are connected by a wide area network at the same time. The devices at each location will be responsible for their own endpoint protection while each local network will be protected by a firewall.

Classical management theory Essay

Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed. There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayal’s Administrative Theory, and Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Theory recognizing the role that management plays in an organization. The importance of the function of management was first recognized by French industrialist Henri Fayol in the early 1900s. In contrast to the purely scientific examination of work and organizations conducted by F W Taylor, Fayol proposed that any industrial undertaking had six functions: technical; commercial; financial; security; accounting; and managerial. Of these, he believed the managerial function, ‘to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and control’, to be quite distinct from the other five. Fayol also identified general principles of management: division of work; authority and responsibility; discipline; unity of command; unity of direction; subordination of individual interest to general interest; remuneration of personnel; centralization; scalar chain of authority; order; equity; stability of tenure of personnel; initiative; and esprit de corps. Fayol’s views on management remained popular throughout a large part of the 20th century. Evolution of Classical Approach to Management Traditional process of learning is either through obsevation and experiment. Nature or environment is considered uniform and when we observe certain phenomenon or events uniformly leading to the same result or results, we conclude a cause and effect relationship between the two. This is learning by observation or in other words by experience. Earlier thinkers on management followed this approach in developing theories of management. Learning principally is through empirical process and through analysis of the data collected through observation. Draw the principles of management by looking at and analyzing the jobs that all managers commonly do. This approach served as a starting point for pioneers on management science to verify the validity and improve the applicability of the principles and practices of management. Analysis of observed data is what constitutes a case study. The observational method of case study helps arriving at logical conclusions about past experience and to test the same as standards for future events. The German socialists, Max Weber followed the classical approach and developed his theory of Bureaucracy, which portrays the structure and design of organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, formalized rules and regulations that serve to guide the coordinated functioning of an organization. Basic Postulates of the Classical Approach by Max Weber 1. Management of an organization is considered as a chain of inter-related functions. The study of the scope and features of these functions, the sequence through which these are performed and their inter-relationship leads one to draw principles of management suitable for universal application 2. Learning principles of management is done through the past experiences of actual practicing managers. 3. As business environment consists of uniform cycles exhibiting an underlying unity of realities, functions and principles of management derived through process of empirical reasoning are suitable for universal application 4. Emerging new managers through formal education and case study can develop skill and competency in management concepts and practices 5. The classical approach also recognized the importance of economic efficiency and formal organizational structure as guiding pillars of management effectiveness. 6. Business activity is based on economic benefit. Organizations should th erefore control economic incentives Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory Hierarchical Structure One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. While the three-level structure may not be suitable for all small businesses, it can benefit those that are expanding. Division of Labor One of the advantages of classical management approach is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete. Employees’ responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. Small-businesses owners can benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense. Monetary Incentive According to classical management theory, employees should be motivated by monetary rewards. In other words, they will work harder and become more productive if they have an incentive to look forward to. This gives management easier control over the workforce. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded for hard work. A small-business owner can take this approach to motivate the employees to achieve production goals. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership approach is the central part of classical management theory. It states that an organization should have a single leader to make decisions, to organize and direct the employees. All decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. The autocratic leadership approach is beneficial in instances when small-business decisions need to be made quickly by a leader, without having to consult with a large group of people, such a board of directors. Small businesses, especially sole proprietorships, can have an advantage in taking this approach, as they need a strong leader to grow. Faults with the Classical View The classical view of management is often criticized as viewing a worker as a mere tool to improve efficiency. Taylorism and classical management styles negatively affected the morale of workers which created a negative relationship between workers and managers.

Management - Structure, Culture, Define, & Estimate Essay

Management - Structure, Culture, Define, & Estimate - Essay Example The main difference between projects and organizations lies in their size, as projects are smaller than organizations. In addition, organizations are permanent, while projects are temporary. Therefore, projects are a representation of the larger organizations, as they both exhibit similar processes and design principles. Both projects and organizations are unique as no project or organization can fully resemble another. In organizations and projects, a group of people, who ensure that the objectives of the project or organization are met, form a team that works together. Additionally, for organizations and projects to succeed, they require skills, techniques, knowledge, and tools, which are all provided by the employees in both cases, ensuring the attainment of objectives. Both elements also have a fixed budget, which helps in the sustenance of their operations. The resources of organizations and projects are limited, hence the need for them to ensure a reliable supply of resources, on exhaustion of the ones at hand. All projects have sponsors, who are responsible for guiding the processes of the project and ensuring achievement of the project’s objectives. Most organizations too have sponsors who perform similar roles (Harrington, 2006). There is a great extent of resemblance between the management of a project and organizational management. For the achievement of organization’s objectives, there must be processes and management systems for success of the organization. In organizational management, important pillars include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In both cases, there is a management team, which is responsible for controlling and overseeing operations involved. Finally, projects and organizations go through similar processes of planning, execution, and control (Harrington, 2006). In conclusion, it is agreeable that projects are a smaller version of the larger organization, because of the greater extent of

Labor Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Labor Market - Research Paper Example It is evident that the effect of selecting candidates from international culture is going to affect the corporate culture of the hotel. The cross-culture in the hotel can bring in positive responses in terms of drawing more customers or pleasing international customers who visit the hotel from all parts of the world. It can be stated that US is largely lagging in keeping up with its ethnic candidates. Due to this mixed-cultural foray of candidates, sometimes misunderstandings or communication problems may take place. The youth is also considered eligible for these jobs. Candidates who possessed an advanced bachelor’s degree were more preferred for higher posts such as in the managerial position of the hotel. For entry level positions, a minimum of bachelor’s degree was essential for the candidate to have. Those who were college graduates they got more jobs but not the specialized jobs. People who are proficient in languages are given more preferences. â€Å"According t o the AFL-CIO Working for America Institute, 21.8 percent of hotel workers in 2000 were Hispanic, compared with only 11.3 percent of all U.S. workers. Other target populations include older workers and individuals with disabilities, which are currently underutilized in the workforce.† (U.S. Department of Labor, 2006, p10). ... The United States is a high receiver of immigrants who possess low-skills and are fit to work in hotels. It can be found that the hotel industry represents the highest absorber of immigrants than any other industry in US. The majority of working population in the hotel are generally low-wage workers, do not possess high qualification and thus come from a multitude of migrant workers group who are mainly Asians or Hispanics. (Lerman and Schmidt, n.d) Demographics: Immigrants are almost half of the population which have selected for the jobs. The Asian and Hispanic people are found to be coming more in the hotel industry. The main age group of 25 to 54 years old has been mainly absorbed in the hotel. The ethnicity of the US people fails to reflect in the hotel industry. A distressing factor about the shifting ethnicity is the prospective blow to the structure of education of the workers. Hispanic workers have little educational qualifications of any major ethnic group.   Thus, unless Hispanic youth and immigrants raise their educational attainment, their growing presence in the job market will lower the educational base of the labor force at the very time when the demand for skills is continuing to increase. But the growing share of Asians in the labor force will moderate this trend, since their educational attainment is higher than the rest of the workforce   (Lerman and Schmidt, n.d). Educational Background: The positions that are open in the hotel for the candidates, call for varying education and training necessities, starting from on-the-job training to bachelor’s degree programs. The candidates who have been selected to work in the hotel are mostly young people. The people who have been appointed for the front desk or other clerical positions,

The General Ulysses Grants Union Research Paper

The General Ulysses Grants Union - Research Paper Example Further, the African Americans’ contributions made a huge impact on the lives of all African Americans starting from 1861 until today’s 21st century. The war focused on the possibility of forcing the Southern states’ white Americans to free their slaves. Many African American soldiers received their share of the Medal of Honor. The African Americans were granted freedom after the war. The African American slaves were happily discharged from their Southern White masters. The present-day beneficiaries include Singer Mariah Carrey, President Obama, and L.A Lakers’ basketball star Kobe Bryant. Â  Furthermore, there are many unanswered queries to be researched. One of the questions is: what would have happened if the Confederate leaders had won the Civil War? Second, do the current African American residents of the United States feel they are on equal status as the White Americans? Third, another research should answer the question: Do the African Americans have better fighting abilities compared to the White Americans during the American Civil War compared to the white Americans? Â  The slavery issued triggered the American Civil war. The Republican Party’s President Abraham Lincoln spearheaded the political party’s ideology that all men should be treated equally, espousing the emancipation of the African American slaves. The Northern states espoused freeing the slaves. The Southern States opposed the freeing of the slaves. Both sides of the war used African Americans to help their causes. The General Ulysses Grant led the northern states’ Union army. General Robert Lee led the Southern states’ Confederate army. Both sides of the war experimented using African American soldiers and civilians in their war campaign.

Solutions to Rent-Seeking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Solutions to Rent-Seeking - Research Paper Example Third, NIE is reform oriented, seeking to change the institutions that it studies and through them the greater society at large. Different from other socio-cultural philosophies, NIE seeks validity in judgment through cost/benefit and traditional economic methods based in statistics. Whereas traditional economics may be considered the logic of the status quo in modern society, NIE retains a challenging and critical force using economic theory and analysis to promote reform or change in institutions. The institutions themselves may be public, private, corporate, governmental, educational, non-profit- all can be analyzed equally through the principles of NIE and from this research change in business practices, governmental policies, and industry regulation may result. Arguably, this is the positive social role for economics in modern societies, and contextualizes NIE in a relationship with a progressive view of society and societal evolution. The foundational research for NIE was conducted by Ronald Coase, Douglass North, and Oliver Williamson. â€Å"Institutions frame behaviors and exchanges in markets, business networks, communities, and organizations throughout the world†¦ The fast-growing field of ‘new institutional economics’ (NIE) analyzes the economics of institutions and organizations using methodologies from a wide range of disciplines (including political science, anthropology, sociology, management, law, and economics).† (Brousseau & Galachant, 2008) Having defined New Institutional Economics, this essay will examine the work of Ronald Coase as paradigmatic of the NIE school of thought, and show how it creates the ground for Gordon Tullock’s research on rent seeking. From this basis, the essay will examine current events as transpired with the recent â€Å"Wall St. Bailout,† estimated to have cost the U.S. taxpayers between $4 and $15 trillion

Interest Rate Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interest Rate Options - Essay Example As the paper delcares a common example of this bond is, the Treasury Bond Futures Option. Others are Treasury Notes Futures Options and Eurodollar Futures Options. The Treasury Bond Future Options is priced at 1/64th of 1% of the Treasury Bond face value; the Eurodollar Futures Bond is calculated at 0.01 basis point value being equivalent to $25. It is to be noted here that the interest rate futures prices are indirectly proportional to the bond price increases or decrease. This report discusses that Black’s model is a mutation from the Black Scholes Model, which uses the rate of interest as the base for pricing the options. The most important factor is that it functions on the assumptions that â€Å"a key market variable will be lognormally distributed at a future time†. When Black's model is used to value the price of European interest rate options, the worth of future price of V for a contract maturing at time T, is usually set equal to the forward price of V rather than its futures price. This is more theoretical than practical since in this case you will have to assume that the rates of interest also remain constant while discounting over the same period of future, which is definitely not the case. This is an option which has pre-determined selling price and time. This value is determined based on the Black’s Model assumptions, that the price is lognormal at the pre-fixed time in the future. The value of the bond option can be worked out with the following equations using the Black’s model which sets Fo equal to the forward bond price.

Structure & Strategies for success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structure & Strategies for success - Coursework Example The matrix organization will use the teams of employees to accomplish the set work and take advantage of the strengths and make up for the weaknesses of functional and decentralized forms as we are providing more than one product and service. A strong or project matrix will be adopted where a project manager will be responsible for a particular product. Functional managers will provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed. The format used in the organization will ensure successful implementation of the organization’s purpose and function. The organization will be led by a Chief Executive Officer and will have seventy five employees. Under the executive officer will be the various departmental heads. The organization will have six major departments which include; Product Management, Information and Communications Technology, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing, Finance and Human Resources. Under product management each product and service will have a lin e manager and staff under him or her who will be in charge of all operations of the product from its development to the distribution to the customer. Each product or service will be handled as an independent item but may be combined for promotional purposes. The chief executive officer will oversee the overall implementation of the organizations goals and objectives. The chief product management will ensure that all products and services are developed to the satisfactory of the customer. The chief information and communications technology will handle the needs of the company as well as work in liaison with research and development department and product management in coming up with new products or improving existing ones. The chief research and development will ensure continued innovation of products and services and enhancement of existing products. Chief sales and marketing will be responsible for the marketing of the products and achievement of sales targets set. The chief financ e officer will be in charge of the organizations budget; revenue, costs and expenses while the chief human resources will be in charge of the personnel or work force. Organizational Structure CCC Marketing Strategies for success Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term (Johnson & Scholes 17). The company’s strategic plan will help determine where the organization is going over the next five years. A goals-based planning will be undertaken and will focus on the organization’s mission, vision, values and goals and will be adopted by all departments to ensure success of the organization. Strategic planning will be conducted at least once a year to facilitate setting of goals in the coming year. Factors that will be considered in the strategies for success are the products, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Products and Services The company is offering a wide range of products and services which include satel lite dish and broadband set up for home and business, IP phone set up, Pdq (credit card machine), satellite television and satellite networking. The products are functional as need for internet use is paramount and on the increase both from home and office. Cable television is also in high demand. Support after installations will be offered for the client and warranty for the equipment will also be given. Price and Place The products and serv